API management with Kong – an update and more

Almost two years have passed since the last blog post on this topic by Alexander Melnyk and in the meantime a lot has happened in terms of “API management with Kong”. So it’s time to update the content of Alexander’s post and to take a closer look at API management with Kong and the product Kong. This post marks the beginning of a series of posts that will follow soon. The focus of the series lies on the open source product, i.e. the API gateway Kong.

Building the infrastructure

In order not to bore you with content from the release notes, we will start directly with technical features. The basis for the following considerations is the infrastructure based on a docker-compose-file, which can be found in the GitHub repo of the article. In addition, you need an API. The Python framework FastAPI is used for this purpose. It provides the API with three endpoints (/(root), service1, service2) in a container via Dockerfile. The API is also part of the repository.

from fastapi import FastAPI
 
app = FastAPI()
 
@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}
 
@app.get("/api/service1")
def read_service1():
    return {"status_code": 200, "message": "service1 is called"}
 
@app.get("/api/service2")
def read_service2():
    return {"status_code": 200, "message": "service2 is called"}

FROM tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi:python3.7
 
COPY ./app /app

version: '3'
networks:
  kong-blogposts:
    driver: bridge
 
services:
  api-service:
    build: ./api-service
    networks:
      - kong-blogposts
    expose:
      - 80
    ports:
      - "80:80"
 
  kong-database:
    container_name: kong-database
    image: postgres:9.6
    restart: always
    networks:
      - kong-blogposts
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_USER=kong
      - POSTGRES_DB=kong
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "pg_isready", "-U", "kong"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
 
  kong-migration:
    image: kong
    depends_on:
      - "kong-database"
    container_name: kong-migration
    networks:
      - kong-blogposts
    restart: on-failure
    environment:
      - KONG_DATABASE=postgres
      - KONG_PG_HOST=kong-database
      - KONG_PG_DATABASE=kong
    command: kong migrations bootstrap
 
  kong:
    container_name: kong
    image: kong:latest
    depends_on:
      - "kong-migration"
      - "kong-database"
    restart: always
    networks:
      - kong-blogposts
    environment:
      - KONG_DATABASE=postgres
      - KONG_PG_HOST=kong-database
      - KONG_PG_DATABASE=kong
      - KONG_PROXY_LISTEN=0.0.0.0:8000
      - KONG_ADMIN_LISTEN=0.0.0.0:8001
    ports:
      - 8000:8000
      - 8001:8001
      - 8443:8443
      - 8444:8444
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL","curl -I -s -L http://localhost:8000 || exit 1"]
      interval: 5s
      retries: 10

The docker-compose definition creates the three services kong, kong-database and kong-migration. We will use PostgreSQL as database or DataStore component. The kong service as API gateway provides four ports for two endpoints: the comsumer endpoint and the admin endpoint, for http and https, respectively.
To operate the kong service, the kong-migration service is used for the initial generation of the objects in the kong-database. Unfortunately, the configuration of the database is not managed by the kong service. The services are started with docker-compose up. With the command docker-compose ps we now get an overview of the running services.

First you need to see if Kong is available. To do this, check the status of the API gateway with a GET request to the admin API. The call http localhost:8001/status should return the status code 200. For this purpose, I personally use the tool httpie.

About services, routes, consumers, and plugins

You can see that the access to the Kong admin API works, but no APIs are configured yet. Now an API is added which consists of a service and a route. Here you can see a change of the Admin API. Starting with version 0.13, routes and services were introduced for better differentiation and the ability to apply plugins to specific endpoints. To create a service, send a POST request to the gateway (localhost:8001/services).

http POST localhost:8001/services/ name=service1 url=http://host.docker.internal/api/service1

For this short introductory example, the other possible parameters are not considered. Since Kong is used inside Docker, it is important to use the host.docker.internal IP. Otherwise there will be problems calling the API via the API gateway.

After the service has been created, a route must also be generated.

http POST localhost:8001/services/service1/routes paths:='["/service1"]' name=service1_route methods:='["GET"]'

The service can be called via http localhost:8000/service1 and returns the following result.

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 50
Content-Type: application/json
Via: kong/1.3.0
X-Kong-Proxy-Latency: 7
X-Kong-Upstream-Latency: 5
server: uvicorn
 
{
   "message": "service1 is called",
   "status_code": 200
}

Typically, you want to protect your API from unauthorized access or allow only dedicated users access. In Kong, plugins are used for this, which are executed during a request. In order to provide technical users, Kong offers another entity: the consumer.
http post localhost:8001/consumers username=api-user

HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 120
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Date: Sun, 01 Sep 2019 10:02:54 GMT
Server: kong/1.3.0
 
{
    "created_at": 1567332174,
    "custom_id": null,
    "id": "a37333ea-c346-488b-a1f0-1a0b078ea152",
    "tags": null,
    "username": "api-user"
}

You add the Key Authentication Plugin to the API and also connect the consumer to it, thus ensuring that only this consumer with a certain key can access the API.
http post localhost:8001/services/service1/plugins name=key-auth

HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 380
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Server: kong/1.3.0
 
{
    "config": {
        "anonymous": null,
        "hide_credentials": false,
        "key_in_body": false,
        "key_names": [
            "apikey"
        ],
        "run_on_preflight": true
    },
    "consumer": null,
    "created_at": 1567332763,
    "enabled": true,
    "id": "a3b0ea80-98ba-43ed-a3dd-9fb5e1b0bbad",
    "name": "key-auth",
    "protocols": [
        "grpc",
        "grpcs",
        "http",
        "https"
    ],
    "route": null,
    "run_on": "first",
    "service": {
        "id": "3d0d837d-8d42-4764-9111-16f195baf762"
    },
    "tags": null
}

The next step is to check whether the plugin is set up.
http localhost:8000/service1

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 41
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Server: kong/1.3.0
WWW-Authenticate: Key realm="kong"
 
{
    "message": "No API key found in request"
}

Now we have to create a key for the consumer api-user. If no key is specified, it will be created automatically.
http post localhost:8001/consumers/api-user/key-auth key=secret_key

HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 145
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Server: kong/1.3.0
 
{
    "consumer": {
        "id": "a37333ea-c346-488b-a1f0-1a0b078ea152"
    },
    "created_at": 1567333309,
    "id": "e65bcc7a-9478-40cc-be6c-0df43bad5b03",
    "key": "secret_key"
}

The API is called with the api-key and returns the following result.
http localhost:8000/service1 apikey:secret_key

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 50
Content-Type: application/json
Via: kong/1.3.0
X-Kong-Proxy-Latency: 8
X-Kong-Upstream-Latency: 35
date: Sun, 01 Sep 2019 10:27:25 GMT
server: uvicorn
 
{
    "message": "service1 is called",
    "status_code": 200
}

All shown steps can now be applied to the second service (service2). When this is done, both services are protected by Kong.

Outlook: Kong Enterprise

We have come to the end of the first part of the Kong series. I hope this first post has given you some insight into how the Kong Admin API works and how it has been changed for the first time. In the upcoming parts I will not only discuss Kong itself, but also Kong Enterprise, the Service Control Platform. So stay tuned!